Identity management, also known as identity and access management, is a framework of policies and technologies to ensure that the right users have the appropriate access to technology resources. IdM systems fall under the overarching umbrellas of IT security and data management.
IdM addresses the need to ensure appropriate access to resources across increasingly heterogeneous technology environments and to meet increasingly rigorous compliance requirements.
Creation, management and deletion of identities without regard to access or entitlements;
A smart card and its associated data used by a customer to log on to a service or services (a traditional view);
A system that delivers personalized, role-based, online, on-demand, multimedia (content), presence-based services to users and their devices.
A system that relies on federated identity to authenticate a user without knowing their password.
Monitor bottlenecks, malfunctions and suspect behavior.
A comprehensive IAM system includes several core components: Identity Management for creating and managing digital identities; Authentication to verify users are who they claim to be; Authorization to define what resources an authenticated user can access; and Auditing to track user activity for security and compliance.25
Authentication is the process of verifying a user's identity, for example, by checking a password or a biometric scan. Authorization is the process that happens after successful authentication, where the system determines the specific files, data, and applications the verified user is permitted to access.15
The Principle of Least Privilege is a foundational security concept where a user is given the minimum levels of access—or permissions—needed to perform their job functions. This is critical in IAM to limit potential damage from a compromised account.
IAM is crucial for a Zero Trust model, which operates on the principle of "never trust, always verify." IAM provides the mechanisms to continuously assess and verify every user and device attempting to access resources, regardless of their location, thereby enforcing the strict access controls that Zero Trust requires.
The main benefits of SSO are improved user experience and enhanced security. Users can access multiple applications with a single set of credentials, which reduces password fatigue and time spent logging in. Security is enhanced by centralizing authentication, which allows for stronger password policies and easier monitoring of user access.